Surgical Site Infections Prevention Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Surgical Site Infections Prevention. Answer: Introduction The current assignment focuses on the concept of surgical site infections (SSIs) and its prevention and control measures in a medical ward of a hospital. There has been a drastic increase in the number of infections which had taken place after surgery in a surgical ward of a specific hospital as reported by the nursing unit manager. The surgical site infections are one of the major causes of morbidity worldwide. The study here takes into consideration the origin, causes and preventive measures for the control of surgical site infections. The SSIs have been seen to claim a number of lives apart from resulting in longer hospital stays. Additionally, higher amount of expenditures are generated attributed to the specialised care and services. The assignment also takes into consideration a number of steps such as the origin and the causes of the SSIs outbreak. The types of the SSIs have been grouped based on its symptoms and site of expressions. Therefore, a number of parameters such as the Who checklist needs to be established which helps in maintaining the safety requirements of the surgery. Origin and causes of SSIs outbreak Surgical site infections are a major source of post-operative illness and is the second most common form of health associated infections within the context of a hospital. The surgical site infections may originate from a gaps or loopholes which may arise out of mere carelessness during the process of undertaking a surgery (Uppal et al. 2013). As mentioned by Anderson et al. (2014), the immunity and the clinical condition possessed by the patient further dictates the risk of contracting a surgical site infection by the patient. For instance, in the context of diabetes mellitus the immune system of the person is affected resulting in poor wound healing. Additionally, poor glycemic control associated with diabetes mellitus leads to increased risk of SSI (Chiang et al. 2014). The SSIs may be differentiated based upon the place of occurrence of the SSIs such as superficial incisional surgical sire infection, deep incision surgical site infection, organ-space surgical site infection etc. Types of SSI Superficial incisional SSI The incisional superficial surgical site infection may be defined as the one which occurs at the site of incision within 30 days of surgery. As mentioned by Namba et al. (2013), the superficial SSI affects the skin and/or subcutaneous tissue where an incision had taken place. The symptoms exhibited may consist of continuous drainage from the site of infection (Waits et al. 2013). The superficial SSIs are limited to the surface of the skin only and are not deep rooted. Therefore, the healing process occurs more speedily reducing the recuperation time along with the additional charges of hospitalization. Deep incisional SSI The SSI occurring after 30 days of surgery if no implant had been left in the place, or surgical infections occurring within a year of surgery, when an implantation has been made is known as deep incisional SSI (Schweizer et al. 2015). This particularly affects the soft and deep tissues of the body and takes an incessant amount of time in healing. The wound redressal often takes a longer amount of time along with constant monitoring by the physician in required in the process. Organ-space SSI The organ spaces SSI are known to occur within 30 days of surgery generally with or without an implant. The infection may originate at any other site of the specific organ other than the site of the infection. The management of the condition requires high doses of antibiotics to be provided the patient as the wound is deep rooted. The organ spaces SSI are often associated with a number of contradictions such as huge number of precautionary measures which needs to be implemented for reducing infections (Korol et al. 2013). As commented by Uckay et al. (2013), failure in the implementation of the precautionary measures can result in the occurrences of severe disruptions within the clinical procedure. However, the risk factors of triggering of autoimmune disorders are present in the organ transplant, which calls for stricter measures to be followed (Owens et al. 2014). Investigating the origin and the cause of the infection The occurrence of the SSI is directly linked to the type of surgery performed and the natural micro biota of the organ where the incision has been made. Most commonly the infections are caused by gram positive coccus bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis (Chen et al. 2013). They mostly affect the skin of the patient and results in superficial infection. On the other hand, gram negative bacteria Enterococcus feacalis and Escherichia Coli affect the GI tract of the patients after surgery. There might be a number of risk factors which further increases the chances of surgical site infections manifold time such as the present health status of the patient, the surrounding physical environment and the clinical interventions. The risk of SSI is measures as a product of contamination and virulence divided by the host resistance (Xing et al. 2013). In this context, the exact details regarding the nature and the severity of the infection were collected from the patients. A microbial analysis was done were skin surface lesions were collected from the patients of the ward. On further microbial analysis, the presence of superficial infections caused by staphylococcus aurreus was revealed. Therefore, further investigation was carried on which revealed the use of contaminated surgical instruments within the local ward. Therefore, a number of control measures could be implemented over here including sterilizing and cleaning the ward apart from isolation of the ward. Control measures A number of preventive or control measures can be undertaken for the prevention of surgical site infections. Reports and estimates have suggested that 11% of the patients who undergo surgery get infected in the process. As per estimates in the United States alone the occurrences of the SSIs results in additional 10 billion dollars every day. In 2008, World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Safe surgery, Save lives initiatives to safeguard the life of the patients undergoing surgery (who, 2017). As commented by Edmiston et al. (2013), the purpose for the launching of such as program was to spread awareness regrading safety measures to be undertaken during the conduct of serious operations. The Who guidelines are binding upon the hospitals and the emergency care wards, which helps in ensuring that risk situations are avoided(Mackenzie et al. 2013). Some of the precautionary measures which could be taken over here are implementation of evidence based tools for the control of surgical site infections. As commented by Jenks et al. (2014), the evidence based tools helps in accurate implementation of safety measures within acute hospitals settings. In this respect, a modified grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) strategy could be implemented within the current hospital scenario to reduce the rates of surgical site infections due to false methods or procedures. Some of the precautionary measures, which could be implemented over are here bathing the patient with antimicrobial or antiseptic agent before the day of surgery. The antimicrobial prophylaxis should be administered based upon clinical guidelines only. As asserted by Anderson et al. (2014), the timing should be noted so that the concentration of the bacteria is maximum in the blood or serum when the inclusion in made. This helps in establishment of the bactericidal effects controlling the rate of growth of the population. During the surgery glycemic control needs to be implemented using blood target levels less than 200 mg/dl (Tanner et al. 2015). As mentioned by normothermy needs to be maintain in the patients along with increased fraction of inspired oxygen should be maintained in the patient during the surgery. Classification of recommendation categories The recommended categories of the GRADE administrative tool could be divided into four different types such as Type 1A, 1B, 1C and II. The types could be further discussed as follows: Type 1A- This consists of a strong recommendation supported by high to moderate clinical evidences suggesting net harm or benefits to the patients. This helps in maintaining sufficient transparency within the policy framework and the procedure guidelines. Type 1B-This comprises of low quality evidence suggesting net harm or benefits of the clinical practise. This mainly consists of basic methods implemented for the prevention of microbial infection during and after the post operative surgeries and consists of aseptic techniques. Type 1C- The type c could be defined as a strong recommendation implemented by the state or federation. This mainly consists of evidence based procedures supported by data and clinical trials for the prevention of surgical site infections. Type II- This consist of weak recommendation supported by quality based evidence suggesting trade off between clinical benefits and harms. No recommendations- An issue with low to very low quality recommendations suggesting uncertain tradeoffs between the benefits and harms of implementation of practices. Contradictions of implementing the measures There are a number of contradictions are faced for the implementation of the surgical practices. The contradictions mainly arise due to lack of clarity regrading the guidelines for the effective implementation of safe surgical methods. Additionally, some of the factors such as sufficient amount of support from senior administration regarding the implementation of safe surgical practices, lack of surgical buy ins can result in serious contradictions. Moreover, presence of some other forms of sicknesses such as diabetes can result in delaying the wound healing process. As commented by Schweizer et al. (2014), the presences of diabetes have often been linked with some other co-morbid conditions such as chronic Kidney disease (CKD). The CKD could be measured by estimating the amount of creatinine present in the blood of an individual. The presence of excess amount of creatinine have been related to severe physiological implications such as development of leg amputations in individuals and reported delay in the healing of wounds, along with additional discharge.WHO has suggested the use of checklist for evaluating the safety parameters during and after the post operative surgeries. However, as argued by Martin et al. (2016), the implementation of each and every safety parameter in the checklist often requires a lot of time. This could further delay in the immediate redressla and time of surgery. Conclusion The current assignment focuses on the concept of surgical site infections and the effects of the same on the health of the patient. The surgical site infection is of three main types depending upon the severity and the types of the infection. The SSIs have been claiming more life than often and are associated with larger number of casualties within the acute hospital setting. The surgical site infections have been increasing at an alarming rate within the health care. The SSIs often results in longer duration of hospital stays along with additional costs to be mitigated in medicines. The SSIs had been further discussed based upon its categories such as the deep incision SSI, superficial SSI and organ transplant SSI. For the control and the mitigation of the same the WHO had provided a number of checklist and precautionary measures which needs to ne implemented strictly within the hospital set up. The checklist helps in measuring each and every underlying parameter, which helps in reducing the gaps and the errors in the services. Additional sufficient amount of support from the supervisors can help in reducing the chances of such major incidents. Some of the major steps which needs to be taken in this regrade are use of sterilized surgical instruments along with sufficiently trained professionals helps in reducing the chances of such accidents. References Anderson, D.J., Podgorny, K., Berros-Torres, S.I., Bratzler, D.W., Dellinger, E.P., Greene, L., Nyquist, A.C., Saiman, L., Yokoe, D.S., Maragakis, L.L. and Kaye, K.S., (2014). Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals: (2014) update.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,35(S2), pp.S66-S88. Chen, A.F., Wessel, C.B. and Rao, N., (2013). Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization in orthopaedic surgery and reduction of surgical site infections.Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research,471(7), pp.2383-2399. Chiang, H.Y., Kamath, A.S., Pottinger, J.M., Greenlee, J.D., Howard III, M.A., Cavanaugh, J.E. and Herwaldt, L.A., (2014). Risk factors and outcomes associated with surgical site infections after craniotomy or craniectomy.Journal of neurosurgery,120(2), pp.509-521. Edmiston, C.E., Bruden, B., Rucinski, M.C., Henen, C., Graham, M.B. and Lewis, B.L., (2013). Reducing the risk of surgical site infections: does chlorhexidine gluconate provide a risk reduction benefit?.American journal of infection control,41(5), pp.S49-S55. Jenks, P.J., Laurent, M., McQuarry, S. and Watkins, R., (2014). Clinical and economic burden of surgical site infection (SSI) and predicted financial consequences of elimination of SSI from an English hospital.Journal of Hospital infection,86(1), pp.24-33. Kohler, P., Kuster, S.P., Bloemberg, G., Schulthess, B., Frank, M., Tanner, F.C., Rssle, M., Bni, C., Falk, V., Wilhelm, M.J. and Sommerstein, R., (2015). Healthcare-associated prosthetic heart valve, aortic vascular graft, and disseminated Mycobacterium chimaera infections subsequent to open heart surgery.European heart journal,36(40), pp.2745-2753. Korol, E., Johnston, K., Waser, N., Sifakis, F., Jafri, H.S., Lo, M. and Kyaw, M.H., (2013). A systematic review of risk factors associated with surgical site infections among surgical patients.PloS one,8(12), p.e83743. Mackenzie, W.S., Matsumoto, H., Williams, B.A., Corona, J., Lee, C., Cody, S.R., Covington, L., Saiman, L., Flynn, J.M., Skaggs, D.L. and Roye Jr, D.P., (2013). Surgical site infection following spinal instrumentation for scoliosis: a multicenter analysis of rates, risk factors, and pathogens.JBJS,95(9), pp.800-806. Martin, E.T., Kaye, K.S., Knott, C., Nguyen, H., Santarossa, M., Evans, R., Bertran, E. and Jaber, L., (2016). Diabetes and risk of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.infection control hospital epidemiology,37(1), pp.88-99. Namba, R.S., Inacio, M.C. and Paxton, E.W., (2013). Risk factors associated with deep surgical site infections after primary total knee arthroplasty: an analysis of 56,216 knees.JBJS,95(9), pp.775-782. Owens, P.L., Barrett, M.L., Raetzman, S., Maggard-Gibbons, M. and Steiner, C.A., (2014). Surgical site infections following ambulatory surgery procedures.Jama,311(7), pp.709-716. Schweizer, M.L., Chiang, H.Y., Septimus, E., Moody, J., Braun, B., Hafner, J., Ward, M.A., Hickok, J., Perencevich, E.N., Diekema, D.J. and Richards, C.L., (2015). Association of a bundled intervention with surgical site infections among patients undergoing cardiac, hip, or knee surgery.Jama,313(21), pp.2162-2171. Schweizer, M.L., Cullen, J.J., Perencevich, E.N. and Sarrazin, M.S.V., (2014). Costs associated with surgical site infections in veterans affairs hospitals.JAMA surgery,149(6), pp.575-581. Tanner, J., Padley, W., Assadian, O., Leaper, D., Kiernan, M. and Edmiston, C., (2015). Do surgical care bundles reduce the risk of surgical site infections in patients undergoing colorectal surgery? A systematic review and cohort meta-analysis of 8,515 patients.Surgery,158(1), pp.66-77. Uckay, I., Hoffmeyer, P., Lew, D. and Pittet, D., (2013). Prevention of surgical site infections in orthopaedic surgery and bone trauma: state-of-the-art update.Journal of Hospital Infection,84(1), pp.5-12. Uppal, S., Harris, J., Al-Niaimi, A., Swenson, C.W., Pearlman, M.D., Reynolds, R.K., Kamdar, N., Bazzi, A., Campbell, D.A. and Morgan, D.M., (2016). Prophylactic Antibiotic Choice and Risk of Surgical Site Infection After Hysterectomy.Obstetrics and gynecology,127(2), pp.321-329. Waits, S.A., Fritze, D., Banerjee, M., Zhang, W., Kubus, J., Englesbe, M.J., Campbell, D.A. and Hendren, S., (2014). Developing an argument for bundled interventions to reduce surgical site infection in colorectal surgery.Surgery,155(4), pp.602-606. who (2017), who , Available at :https://www.who.int/about/en/ [Accessed on 22 Sep. 2017] Xing, D., Ma, J.X., Ma, X.L., Song, D.H., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Yang, Y., Zhu, S.W., Ma, B.Y. and Feng, R., (2013). A methodological, systematic review of evidence-based independent risk factors for surgical site infections after spinal surgery.European Spine Journal,22(3), pp.605-615.

The Key to Successful American Beauty Essay Topics

The Key to Successful American Beauty Essay Topics Introducing American Beauty Essay Topics However beautiful you may look from outside, you will have no peace if you're not beautiful and peaceful from inside. Inner beauty is something which is possessed by people who are comfortable in being themselves and those people ready to reside in the current moment by moment. I. Good looking people aren't necessarily of an excellent nature. Nearly all the moment, you see an individual's physical appearance just for a minute, until the authentic inner beauty starts the attraction game. Sure, it may look like it is a great issue to do if you've got the money (well, maybe). A woman may have a mean heart but golden hair and reasonable face. It's not possible to rely just on your looks to acquire other people to like you. Although how looks are deceiving. You can't find the beauty in a person. Physical beauty differs for everybody. It is an illusion that has no real strength. The physical beauty is just an illusion that doesn't possess a realistic strength, but it's driven by shallow mind. Firstly let's explore the actual significance of the two types of beauty mentioned. It's well worth noting that the outer beauty in today's era has gotten too artificial. Actually, the entire beauty and style industry runs on the principle that outer beauty is just as important. Go on the area of beauty politics. The 5-Minute Rule for American Beauty Essay Topics The cost of an essay depends upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. Developing a criterion for the evaluation essay topic together with the effective judgment from the face of the author is the fundamental requirement of an evaluation essay. It's also essential to note that as the writer starts to compose the narrative essay, they should remember the simple fact that the readers haven't any information whatsoever about the topic of your narrative. Utilizing somebody else's subject (or his essay for this matter) is not an excellent idea. The New Angle On American Beauty Essay Topics Just Released I t is possible to also become different discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Look at our health website in the event you wish to appear better with an assistance of general health solutions. Just take a peek at our health site if you need to to feel healthier with a help health solutions. Just take a peek at our health portal if you happen to need to to feel healthier with a help general health solutions. When you attempt to control someone, ultimately they're controlling you. Work on your posture, put on a smile and ensure you're ready to look people with the eye. To the contrary, it can likewise be quite interesting to work on only in case you have good topic in your hands because it's regarded as the backbone of an evaluative essay. As soon as you open your self to the truth there will not be any going back. Even though the opinions of different people about the narrative essay are welcome, it should be held in mind that the narrative writer has absolute discretion on what things to remove or retain so far as the narrative essay is concerned. The audience isn't consciously conscious of the techniques used but subconsciously they have a huge influence on the viewers emotions. This is most likely because our society has forgotten the real basis of life such it has come to be so materialistic. As mentioned in the topic Outward Beauty is transient, which simply suggests that it isn't lasting. Detecting a mechanic is precisely what you want to do. Reading example essays works the exact same way! A debatable topic provides the writer the chance to bring out many vital points. Beauty standards in the usa constrict women of their capacity to be equal. A lot of people share the opinion that American Beauty is a fantastic movie. Women especially wish to be perceived as beautiful. Letting Go of Control You must give up control to discover inner peace. The Pain of American Beauty Essay Topics Though writing a winning college study essay may appear to be an intimidating task, it actually needs some preparation for caution, originality, and lots of patience. In the 21st century, college interviews are lost on the best way to the VCR, in other words, they are normally utilized. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. The similarities and pitfalls of the two forms of beauties are equal. There exist limitations on the amount of physical flaws which can be covered. In the film, it is used on various articles of clothing for a couple of characters. In the present society, it's convenient to ameend whatever seems physically unattractive, for instance, surgery and makeup.

Love in the Time of Cholera Essay Topics

Love in the Time of Cholera Essay TopicsYou have to be careful when choosing love in the time of cholera essay topics. Many students are not sure how to write an essay that will help them graduate. However, this can be a great opportunity for you to show your skills. If you have an idea for an essay topic, here are some tips for finding some great topics.Lastly, remember that there is no limit to what you can do as long as you are interested in writing. Don't get discouraged if your topic does not go well at first. Take the blame and move on. The more you write, the better your writing skills will become.There are several ways to find love in the time of cholera essay topics. The best way is to visit websites that have people who need help. These are websites that cater to people with learning disabilities or other types of learning disabilities. You can use these websites to find several good topics to begin with.Additionally, you will want to consider the basics of writing as these will be the basis for all of the other basic elements. When you start the essay, make sure you are writing from the point of view of the person that you are writing about. Make sure you do not confine yourself to the problem alone, but rather help to find the solution to their problems as well.By identifying the problem and finding a good solution, you are finding a commonality. You will also be able to relate to the person that you are writing about as well. Some of the more common solutions are anger management, romance, relationships, abuse, self esteem, and overcoming fears. These topics are good for love in the time of cholera essay topics because they tend to be more universal in nature.As you get more comfortable writing from the basic level of an essay, you will be able to expand on the topics you already have. Instead of writing something generic, try to write specific things that you have seen happen to others. Find the root cause and then think of a solution to the probl em that will work for everyone involved.Another way to find a good topic is to read articles that relate to the problem. If the person has had problems with depression, alcoholism, etc., there are many articles written by professionals that address those issues. Visit these sites and see if they can give you a great deal of information on the issue.Last, you can also give time to doing research. You may be surprised at what you find out on your own. After all, you are giving something that will be used in your final grade.

College Papers - What Are They?

College Papers - What Are They?College papers can be a real challenge, but you can start to get some idea of the types of papers that they are used for. Here is a breakdown of some of the different types of college papers, and a few ways that you can get them started.Papers in science and math include lab reports, physics reports, and calculus or algebraic reports. These types of papers are an easy start to get you started. If you are a good student and have a set amount of money you can buy all of your papers from a book. Make sure that you compare prices and options to find the best price. Books tend to be more expensive than any other option, so make sure that you are not going to overspend on these.As you go along you will get more science papers, and your new classes will include more classes that include topics such as chemistry, and biology. This is a great way to get you started with some serious chemistry, biology, and physics. This type of paper will also include a lab repo rt that goes into greater detail. This allows you to write something that is all your own, instead of someone else's words.Paper works includes labs, sample papers, and reports. This is a great option for those who have been working on a project for a while, but still need a bit of work done. Once again, this is a great option for students who want to go to college but do not have enough money to pay for it all. This paper is very simple to read and understand. The only thing to keep in mind is that sometimes the answer sheets will be published online. You will be able to download them to use.All of the paper types come from different people, and you will need to choose the best paper for your needs. Sometimes the right paper for your assignment will be different from the paper that other students are using. Use the advice that you get, and try to be consistent with each paper that you use.One of the first things that you need to do is to figure out what kind of paper you want to ge t started with. This will help you know what your options are and whether you are going to be successful or not. It can be hard to figure out where to start, but with the tips that we give you, you should be able to make this choice.While you are doing this you will also need to find the best paper out there. You will need to find out if it is the best paper for you, or if it is a good option. These are the type of tips that you will find in our website, so use them to find the right paper for you.

Life Experience Sample Essay

Life Experience Sample EssayAre you applying for an online college or university with the hopes of being able to study and work online? If so, you may be one of the many students who are trying to find a good essay writing service to do their own research and sample writing. There are several reasons why this is necessary for most students. Here are some of the main ones.Before having the opportunity to start working on your degree, you will need to write a sufficient amount of essays, which means you need time to use it wisely. After all, when you are only going to be studying for a semester, you want to get to the work of writing and then completing it as soon as possible. In this way, you will also have time to go out and have fun with friends.Finding a good life experience sample essay is important. However, if you don't have much of it to work with, you will have to write from scratch. This will obviously take longer than you originally anticipated. So, you need to make sure tha t you have a good service to help you out.Besides taking the time to write a student's essay for an online program, writing on an older essay format may not be the best idea. For one thing, you are not likely to remember much of what you read if you are just reading it.You may have more to learn as you continue to study and go to online colleges and universities. This is because there will be plenty of information to keep you busy for years to come. In this way, you will have to constantly refresh your mind on a daily basis.After you have finished your online life experience sample essay, you will have to edit it in a number of ways. This includes making sure that all the quotations that you find to be accurate and that they are included. You will also need to learn about grammar and spelling.Some of your final revisions will be done through the editing process. After you have gotten the essay that you thought was satisfactory, you will need to give it to the author or editor, who w ill then make a final version. Most of the time, this will include correcting errors and adding to it whatever you think it needs.Overall, you need to choose the right service to help you with your online college or university. Doing your own research and writing will cost you time, but the benefit is that you will be able to take the time to explore the world around you. It's up to you to decide whether or not this is a worthwhile investment in your future.

Networking Essentials free essay sample

A brief description the features of telecommunications networks, including key networking technologies. Cover the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, including each logical layer A telecommunications network includes the following features: 1. Terminals for accessing the network 2. Computers that process information and are interconnected by the network 3. Telecommunications links that form a channel through which information is transmitted from a sending device to a receiving device. 4. Telecommunications equipment that facilitates the transmission of information. . Telecommunications software that controls message transmission over the network. (1) Key networking technologies includes the traditional telephone system, mobile cellular communication, wireless local-area networks, videoconferencing systems, a corporate Website, intranets, extranets, and an array of local and wide-area networks, including the Internet (2) The ISO/OSI model was designed to formulate a standard for allowing different types and brands of computers to communicate with one another. It’s a conceptual model for the communication process that has seven discrete layers each with a specific responsibility or function: Physical-defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating and maintaining the physical link (such as the cable) between end systems; Data Link-provides reliable transit of data across the physical link and is responsible for the physical addressing, data error notification, ordered delivery of frames and flow control; Network-provides connectivity and path selection between two end systems This layer uses routing protocols to select optimal paths to a series of interconnected subnetworks and is responsible for assigning addresses to messages; Transport-responsible for guaranteed delivery of data It uses data units called datagrams, it is also responsible for fault detection, error recovery, and flow control, this layer manages virtual circuits by setting them up, maintaining them and shutting them down; Session –responsible for establishing, maintaining and terminating the communication session between applications; Presentations-responsible for formatting data so that it’s ready for presentation to an application this layer is also responsible for character format translation, such as from ASCII to Unicode, and for syntax selection; Application-this layer is responsible for giving application access to the network; (3) Discuss whether telephone networks and computer networks will remain distinct in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Networking Essentials or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Two months ago, ATamp;T petitioned the Federal Communications Commission to plan for the retirement of traditional phone networks and transition to what ATamp;T sees as inevitability: the all-IP telco. ATamp;T had been discussing the transition internally, spurred on by the FCCs own suggestion that the Public Switched Telephone Network might be ripe for death somewhere around 2018. This telephone network weve grown up with is now an obsolete platform, or at least a rapidly obsolescing platform. It will not be sustainable for the indefinite future. Nobodys making this network technology anymore. Its become more and more difficult to find spare parts for it. And its becoming more and more difficult to find trained technicians and engineers to work on it. As you can see, the largest company of the telecom industry is opening the dialogue of ending the traditional telephone network. Many may not agree with thus but I think we should be ready if it happens. More and more people are opting out of landlines and opting in wireless/voice of IP. (4) Description of the various network media and how they are changing Telecommunications links may be implemented with various communication media, with a corresponding variety of characteristics. The main feature of a medium is its potential transmission speed, also known as channel capacity, which for data transmission purposes is expressed in bits per second (bps). An alternative measure of transmission channel capacity is bandwidth the range of signal frequencies that can be transmitted over the channel. Six potential media are employed to implement telecommunication links: 1. Twisted pair 2. Coaxial cable 3. Fiber Optics cable 4. Terrestrial Microwave 5. Satellite Transmission 6. Radio Transmission How they are changing Transmission speeds keep on rising, particularly in the fiber optics area. We are now moving toward a global infrastructure of gigabit-speed fiber optic links relying on digital transmission. In this multimedia environment, data, text, voice, images, and video will travel at speeds of billions of bits per second. (5) A brief explanation of the differences among LANS, WANS, CANS, and MANS; There are several types of computer network designs- you are more than likely familiar with the LAN, or local area network. But the fun doesn’t stop there- we have MANs, SANs, CANs, and more â€Å"ANs† than you can shake a stick at. But don’t worry- if you can remember what the first letter in each acronym means, you’re set! And that much more prepared for your networking exams! ) What is a LAN? If you aren’t already familiar with a LAN, it is defined as a local area network. From the term local, you’d probably guess that LAN network designs don’t span a large region (and you’d be correct). The basic LAN is just a sim ple network of computers, although LANs can often span multiple buildings. In the example below, you can see a network divided by a router, which is being used to connect the network to the internet. In general there are three things to remember about a LAN: Three Things to Remember about LANs * 1. They operate within a limited geographical area * 2. They allow a large amount of users to access media with high-bandwidth capability * 3. They prove full-time connectivity with local services A LAN is a fairly easy concept to grasp- perhaps the simplest of all networks. In fact, computer networking started out with a simple LAN connection. Since the birth of the LAN, we have been graced with even more advanced technologies- such as the WAN. The Difference between a LAN and a WAN WANs are networks that interconnect LANs. You can think of it as a company who has offices in three separate states. If the company wishes to have each office on the same network, they would need to somehow connect the LANs together. Whereas a WAN enables you to send an instant message to someone around the world, a LAN would be limited to a much smaller geographical location. You are actually more familiar with WANs than you think- you’re using one right now! The internet is biggest WAN on Earth. Looking at it from a global perspective, you can see a WAN as a collective of networks run by many people- whereas a LAN is often ran by a specific organization (and thus usually only has one administrator). In general, there are three things to remember about WANs: Three Things to Remember about WANs * 1. They operate using serial interfaces * 2. They generally provide lower bandwidth compared to LANs * 3. They provide full-time remote resources that are connected to local services Generally speaking, we could stop there. But we can further classify network designs even further with MANs and CANs. What are MANs and CANs? A MAN is short for metropolitan area network. As the name implies, it covers a metropolitan area- such as a city or the suburbs of a city. You can think f them as between what a LAN and WAN would be. They span a much larger geographical area than LANs, but do not often surpass the limits of a metropolitan area. MANs are generally good for businesses and organizations that have multiple locations around a city. A bank may also take advantage of a MAN. So, far so good, right? Well now we’ll introduce the CAN- the campus area network. You’ve probably guessed it- this type of network design spans a university or campus. It acts a lot like a MAN would in some cases, although it obviously has a much more specific purpose. 6) Describe three (3) ways in which businesses use Internet services and protocols. (For example, what is VoIP and how is it used? Businesses are increasingly using the internet services as a means to conduct business. Here a just a few: The internet VoIP phone has taken over the market by force. If you do not know what a internet VoIP phone is then you can research information on the Vonage phone company. Basically, it is a phone that is connected through the internet instead of the phone socket in the wall. That are some good things and bad things about an internet VoIP phone but the good seems to outweigh bad.

Using the Perl String Length Function

Using the Perl String Length Function Perl is a programming language used primarily to develop web applications. Perl is an interpreted, not compiled, language. This means its programs take up more CPU time than a compiled language - a problem that becomes less important as the speed of processors increases.  Writing code in Perl is faster than writing in a compiled language, so the time you save is yours. When you learn Perl, you learn how to work with the languages functions. One of the most basic is the string length function. How to Find Length of a String in Perl Perls length function returns the length of a Perl string in characters. Here is an example showing its basic usage: #!/usr/bin/perl $orig_string This is a Test and ALL CAPS;$string_len   length( $orig_string );print Length of the String is : $string_len\n; When this code is executed, it displays the following:  Length of the String is: 27. The number 27 is the total of the characters, including spaces, in the phrase This is a Test and ALL CAPS. Note that this function does not count the size of the string in bytes - just the length in characters. What About the Length of Arrays? The length function works only on strings, not on arrays. An array stores an ordered list and is preceded by an sign and populated using parentheses. To find out the length of an array, use the scalar function. For example: my many_strings (one, two, three, four, hi, hello world);say scalar many_strings; The response is 6, the number of items in the array. A scalar is a single unit of data. It might be a group of characters, as in the example above, or a single character, string, floating point, or integer number.